Biodegradable, or in other words, “biologically decomposable,” refers to the ability of a substance to be broken down by the biological activity of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi in a natural environment, whether aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). This process does not have any ecological harm.
While some waste, such as food and plants, naturally biodegrades, other waste can transform into harmful chemicals or gases.
The issue is that practically anything we use or produce can be considered biodegradable because eventually everything breaks down (from organic waste to wooden cutlery, from plastic packaging to steel products). Of course, this decomposition process can take a very long time. Therefore, labeling items as “biodegradable” on food products may not be very useful for someone trying to make more environmentally conscious shopping choices.
Contents
Examples of Biodegradable Waste
According to the European Commission, biodegradable waste includes garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, catering facilities, and retail establishments, as well as similar waste from food processing facilities. Forestry or agricultural waste, sewage sludge, or natural textiles, paper, or processed wood waste are not considered biodegradable waste. By-products of food production that do not become waste are also excluded.
Environmental Effects of Biodegradable Waste
Waste that decomposes in landfills produces harmful methane gas, which is 100-120 times more potent than carbon dioxide during emission. Therefore, reducing biodegradable waste is crucial for municipalities.
What is Biodegradable Plastic?
Biodegradable plastic is designed to break down when exposed to the presence of microorganisms, typically made from natural by-products and carefully monitored temperature and humidity conditions in industrial settings. Most biodegradable and compostable plastics are called bioplastics and are usually made from plants (such as bamboo or sugarcane) rather than fossil fuels.
For these bioplastics to effectively biodegrade and be used in industrial composting facilities, their compostability must be certified according to international standards.
What are The Standards for Biodegradability?
One of the most recognized biodegradability standards is European standard EN 13432. According to a review of standards by NaturePlast, for something to be considered biodegradable, it must meet certain standards:
-
- It should have a minimum volatile matter of 50%.
- It should be capable of breaking down at least 10% of its initial weight on a 2mm sieve after 12 weeks of composting.
- It should biodegrade at least 90% within 6 months.
- When it comes to toxicity, the resulting compost should perform at least 90% compared to the reference compost according to OCDE 208.
Today, biodegradable materials have become a focus due to their potential environmental harm, leading to various developments in this field. Environmentally friendly products are being produced with this technology, especially in the packaging sector.
Biodegradable polymers like lactic acid polymers, especially the high-strength, petroleum-free PLA (Polylactic Acid), are preferred. Biodegradable polymers also find applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals and agriculture. These polymers can be classified into two main groups: those derived from renewable raw materials and those synthesized chemically, not by bacteria.
What Is Oxo-Biodegradable?
Oxo-biodegradable plastic is petroleum-based and can have additives incorporated into it. Starch is the primary raw material for biodegradable plastic, and additives are often introduced to expedite its breakdown. Over a specific period, these plastics start to fragment as part of their designed biodegradation process.
Oxo-biodegradable plastics are a subcategory of biodegradable plastics. They are plastics that have been modified to biologically decompose through oxidation processes. These plastics are typically intended to mitigate the release of harmful microplastic particles into the environment when exposed to oxygen and ultraviolet (UV) light, a common issue with conventional plastics.
To make these plastics biodegradable, oxidation-promoting additives are introduced. These additives accelerate the breakdown of the plastics when they are exposed to oxygen and UV light. Once oxidized, the plastics can then biodegrade naturally under the influence of microorganisms in the environment.
Oxo-biodegradable plastics might appear to be a more environmentally friendly option compared to traditional plastics, but they are subject to criticism. Some experts argue that the oxidation process in these plastics is not entirely natural and question whether biodegradable plastics are genuinely eco-friendly. As a result, discussions continue regarding the use and impacts of these plastics, with the need for clear evidence of the sustainability benefits they offer.
Biodegradable Balloons
Biodegradable balloons are made of 100% natural latex, a naturally compostable material that reduces the degradation time when compared to traditional balloons. No harmful chemicals added.
Confetti and streamers are both made with compostable & biodegradable paper which is a eco-friendly choice for the parties.
These eco-friendly party supplies not only add fun and color to your celebrations but also contribute to a cleaner environment by minimizing their impact on the planet.
What Is Biodegradable Packaging?
Biodegradable packaging is designed as environmentally friendly packaging materials that can naturally break down and decompose in nature. They are often made from bioplastics or other biologically degradable materials. These packaging options provide an alternative to traditional plastic packaging and offer environmental sustainability by preventing the formation of harmful chemical waste when left in the environment, as they break down under the influence of microorganisms. Biodegradable packaging is preferred in the packaging processes of various products, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other consumer goods, to help reduce environmental impacts.
Biodegradable Trash Bags
Biodegradable trash bags utilize EPI additives, following ASTM 6954 standards, which promote the gradual breakdown of the bags when placed in a suitable composting environment over several years. The speed and extent of this decomposition process depend on various factors, including the surrounding environment and product composition. EPI TDPA, one of the key additives, can facilitate the complete breakdown of polyethylene bags within 24 to 36 months when disposed of appropriately.
In the presence of moisture, microorganisms, and oxygen, EPI additives can significantly accelerate the decomposition of biodegradable bags, making them break down hundreds to thousands of times faster than conventional alternatives. Choose biodegradable trash bags for an eco-friendly, efficient, and sustainable solution to your waste disposal needs.
What are The Factors for Biodegradation
Biodegradation of materials and degradation factors depend on several variables, including:
- Moisture level: It can be classified as wet or dry environments.
- Presence of oxygen: Aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen).
- Temperature: High in industrial composting, or environmental (soil and water) temperatures.
- Type of microbiology: Bacteria, fungi, etc.
- Microbiology density: High in industrial composting and open treatment, low in soil and water.
- Salt concentration.
Biodegradable Plastics Based on Raw Materials
Biodegradable plastics can be categorized based on their source materials:
- Starch-based
- Cellulose-based
- Chemically synthesized
- Produced by bacteria
- Petroleum-derived
In conclusion, biodegradable materials offer an environmentally friendly solution, as they have the potential to reduce carbon emissions and are derived from renewable sources. These materials contribute to a sustainable future with their ability to naturally decompose in the environment without leaving harmful waste behind.
Additionally, they serve as a preferred alternative to conventional plastics, helping conserve natural resources and minimize environmental impacts. Therefore, biodegradable materials become an essential tool for those seeking to raise environmental awareness and take a significant step toward a cleaner environment.
FAQs for Biodegradable Plastics
1. Biodegradable Plastics vs. Recycling: Which Is the Better Choice?
The ongoing debate between biodegradable plastics and recycling is a topic of growing interest. Many wonder whether the focus should be on promoting biodegradable plastics or improving existing recycling systems.
Some question if biodegradable plastics, despite their benefits, could disrupt the recycling stream or inadvertently contribute to waste-related challenges. This complex issue highlights the need to strike a balance between the two approaches and emphasizes the importance of informed decision-making for a more sustainable future.
2. Are Biodegradable Plastics Truly Environmentally Friendly?
One of the most pressing questions surrounding the use of biodegradable plastics is whether they are genuinely environmentally friendly. While they offer the promise of reduced environmental impact and a potential solution to the problems caused by traditional plastics, there is ongoing debate about their effectiveness and long-term effects. Critics argue that biodegradable plastics may not break down as quickly or completely as expected in real-world conditions and that they could still contribute to microplastic pollution.
Moreover, concerns have been raised about the energy and resources required to produce these alternative materials. Addressing these questions and ensuring the sustainability of biodegradable plastics remains a critical area of research and development in the quest for more eco-conscious packaging solutions.
3. How Effective Are Biodegradable Plastics in Reducing Ocean Pollution?
The issue of ocean pollution, particularly the accumulation of plastic waste in the world’s oceans, is a significant environmental concern. Many people are curious about the effectiveness of biodegradable plastics in mitigating this problem.
Questions may arise regarding whether biodegradable plastics can truly make a difference in reducing ocean pollution, or if there are better strategies and materials for combating this pressing issue. This topic delves into the role of biodegradable plastics in addressing marine pollution and whether they provide a viable solution.
4. Is PLA Biodegradable?
PLA (Polylactic Acid), a type of biodegradable plastic, is a material that can biologically degrade. PLA is typically derived from sources like cornstarch or sugarcane and possesses biodegradable properties. Therefore, under the right conditions (including suitable levels of moisture, temperature, and the presence of microorganisms), PLA plastic products can break down in the environment without causing harm.
However, it’s essential to note that ensuring biodegradability requires specific conditions, and in environments where these conditions are not met, PLA plastics may degrade slowly. Additionally, the effective breakdown of PLA plastics is more likely in home composting or industrial composting facilities. Hence, correctly directing PLA plastic products for disposal following local recycling or composting guidelines is essential to make the best use of their biodegradable properties.
Leave a Comment